(a) Explain the terms:
(i) Parasitism
(ii) Commensalism
(b) Mention:
(i) one fungal parasite of a plant and its host
(ii) one bacterial parasite of humans.
(c)(i) List four symptoms of malaria.
(II) Mention six methods of controlling malaria in West Africa
Explanation
(a)(i) Parasitism; is a feeding relationship or association between two organisms, in which the parasite lives in or on the body of the host, deriving benefit from and causing harm to it while the host loses in the process.
(ii) Commensalism; is a relationship or an association between two organisms of different species, in which one, the commensal benefits or gains while the other, the host, is not adversely or significantly affected in any way, i.e., it is not harmed, neither loses gains.
(b)(i)Fungal parasites of host plants include;
(a) Ustilago on maize
(b) Puccinia on maize,wheat or barley
(c) Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa
(d) Phytophthora infestans on tomato/potato
(e) Alternario on tomato.
(ii) Bacterial parasites of humans include;
(a) Clostridium tetani – (tetanus;)
(b) Neisseria – (Gonorrhaea;)
(c) Mycobacterium – (Tuberculosis and leprosy;)
(d) Vibrio cholerae -(Cholera;)
(e) Salmonella paratyphi typhi (typhoid)
(f) Escherichia coli (dysentery).
(c)(i) Symptoms of malaria are;
(a) high fever or high temperature
(b) loss of appetite
(c) pains at the joints
(d) headache
(f) rigour or shivering
(g) stomach cramps
(h) dizziness
(i) vomiting co weakness or tiredness.
(ii) To control malaria
(a) treat the patient with curative drugs, e.g. chloroquin, cannoquin
(b) use anti-malaria drugs
(c) prophylactic drugs, e.g. daraprim
(d) sleep under mosquito net
(e) use screen wire net houses, windows and doors against mosquitoes to apply mosquito repellent balms
(g) burn mosquito coils or spray room with insecticides
(h) drain or avoid stagnant water bodies, bury or recycle empty cans
(i) burn herbs or plant materials, e.g. lemon grass.
(j) spray stagnant water with oil
(k) clear the bushes around the house by using predators, e.g. introducing fish to eat up mosquito larvae.
(m) educate or enlighten the public or community on the control of mosquito